Chapter I: The Birth of the Babi Revelation

CHAPTER I

The Birth of the &Babi Revelation

May 23, 1844, signalizes the commencement of the most turbulent period of the Heroic Age of the &Baha'i Era, an age which marks the opening of the most glorious epoch in the greatest cycle which the spiritual history of mankind has yet witnessed. No more than a span of nine short years marks the duration of this most spectacular, this most tragic, this most eventful period of the first &Baha'i century. It was ushered in by the birth of a Revelation whose Bearer posterity will acclaim as the "Point round Whom the realities of the Prophets and Messengers revolve," and terminated with the first stirrings of a still more potent Revelation, "whose day," &Baha'u'llah Himself affirms, "every Prophet hath announced," for which "the soul of every Divine Messenger hath thirsted," and through which "God hath proved the hearts of the entire company of His Messengers and Prophets." Little wonder that the immortal chronicler of the events associated with the birth and rise of the &Baha'i Revelation has seen fit to devote no less than half of his moving narrative to the description of those happenings that have during such a brief space of time so greatly enriched, through their tragedy and heroism, the religious annals of mankind. In sheer dramatic power, in the rapidity with which events of momentous importance succeeded each other, in the holocaust which baptized its birth, in the miraculous circumstances attending the martyrdom of the One Who had ushered it in, in the potentialities with which it had been from the outset so thoroughly impregnated, in the forces to which it eventually gave birth, this nine-year period may well rank as unique in the whole range of man's religious experience. We behold, as we survey the episodes of this first act of a sublime drama, the figure of its Master Hero, the &Bab, arise meteor-like above the horizon of &Shiraz, traverse the sombre sky of Persia from south to north, decline with tragic swiftness, and perish in a blaze of glory. We see His satellites, a galaxy of God-intoxicated heroes, mount above that same horizon, irradiate that same incandescent light, burn themselves out with that self-same swiftness, and impart in their turn an added impetus to the steadily gathering momentum of God's nascent Faith. +P4

He Who communicated the original impulse to so incalculable a Movement was none other than the promised &Qa'im (He who ariseth), the &Sahibu'z-Zaman (the Lord of the Age), Who assumed the exclusive right of annulling the whole &Qur'anic Dispensation, Who styled Himself "the Primal Point from which have been generated all created things ... the Countenance of God Whose splendor can never be obscured, the Light of God Whose radiance can never fade." The people among whom He appeared were the most decadent race in the civilized world, grossly ignorant, savage, cruel, steeped in prejudice, servile in their submission to an almost deified hierarchy, recalling in their abjectness the Israelites of Egypt in the days of Moses, in their fanaticism the Jews in the days of Jesus, and in their perversity the idolators of Arabia in the days of &Muhammad. The arch-enemy who repudiated His claim, challenged His authority, persecuted His Cause, succeeded in almost quenching His light, and who eventually became disintegrated under the impact of His Revelation was the &Shi'ah priesthood. Fiercely fanatic, unspeakably corrupt, enjoying unlimited ascendancy over the masses, jealous of their position, and irreconcilably opposed to all liberal ideas, the members of this caste had for one thousand years invoked the name of the Hidden &Imam, their breasts had glowed with the expectation of His advent, their pulpits had rung with the praises of His world-embracing dominion, their lips were still devoutly and perpetually murmuring prayers for the hastening of His coming. The willing tools who prostituted their high office for the accomplishment of the enemy's designs were no less than the sovereigns of the &Qajar dynasty, first, the bigoted, the sickly, the vacillating &Muhammad &Shah, who at the last moment cancelled the &Bab's imminent visit to the capital, and, second, the youthful and inexperienced &Nasiri'd-Din &Shah, who gave his ready assent to the sentence of his Captive's death. The arch villains who joined hands with the prime movers of so wicked a conspiracy were the two grand vizirs, &Haji &Mirza &Aqasi, the idolized tutor of &Muhammad &Shah, a vulgar, false-hearted and fickle-minded schemer, and the arbitrary, bloodthirsty, reckless &Amir-Nizam, &Mirza &Taqi &Khan, the first of whom exiled the &Bab to the mountain fastnesses of &Adhirbayjan, and the latter decreed His death in &Tabriz. Their accomplice in these and other heinous crimes was a government bolstered up by a flock of idle, parasitical princelings and governors, corrupt, incompetent, tenaciously holding to their ill-gotten privileges, and utterly subservient to a notoriously degraded clerical order. The heroes whose deeds shine upon the record of this fierce spiritual +P5 contest, involving at once people, clergy, monarch and government, were the &Bab's chosen disciples, the Letters of the Living, and their companions, the trail-breakers of the New Day, who to so much intrigue, ignorance, depravity, cruelty, superstition and cowardice opposed a spirit exalted, unquenchable and awe-inspiring, a knowledge surprisingly profound, an eloquence sweeping in its force, a piety unexcelled in fervor, a courage leonine in its fierceness, a self-abnegation saintly in its purity, a resolve granite-like in its firmness, a vision stupendous in its range, a veneration for the Prophet and His &Imams disconcerting to their adversaries, a power of persuasion alarming to their antagonists, a standard of faith and a code of conduct that challenged and revolutionized the lives of their countrymen.

The opening scene of the initial act of this great drama was laid in the upper chamber of the modest residence of the son of a mercer of &Shiraz, in an obscure corner of that city. The time was the hour before sunset, on the 22nd day of May, 1844. The participants were the &Bab, a twenty-five year old siyyid, of pure and holy lineage, and the young &Mulla &Husayn, the first to believe in Him. Their meeting immediately before that interview seemed to be purely fortuitous. The interview itself was protracted till the hour of dawn. The Host remained closeted alone with His guest, nor was the sleeping city remotely aware of the import of the conversation they held with each other. No record has passed to posterity of that unique night save the fragmentary but highly illuminating account that fell from the lips of &Mulla &Husayn.

"I sat spellbound by His utterance, oblivious of time and of those who awaited me," he himself has testified, after describing the nature of the questions he had put to his Host and the conclusive replies he had received from Him, replies which had established beyond the shadow of a doubt the validity of His claim to be the promised &Qa'im. "Suddenly the call of the &Mu'adhdhin, summoning the faithful to their morning prayer, awakened me from the state of ecstasy into which I seemed to have fallen. All the delights, all the ineffable glories, which the Almighty has recounted in His Book as the priceless possessions of the people of Paradise--these I seemed to be experiencing that night. Methinks I was in a place of which it could be truly said: `Therein no toil shall reach us, and therein no weariness shall touch us;' `no vain discourse shall they hear therein, nor any falsehood, but only the cry, "Peace! Peace!"'; `their cry therein shall be, "Glory to Thee, O God!" and their salutation therein, "Peace!", and the close of their cry, "Praise be to God, Lord of all creatures!"' +P6 Sleep had departed from me that night. I was enthralled by the music of that voice which rose and fell as He chanted; now swelling forth as He revealed verses of the &Qayyumu'l-Asma', again acquiring ethereal, subtle harmonies as He uttered the prayers He was revealing. At the end of each invocation, He would repeat this verse: `Far from the glory of thy Lord, the All-Glorious, be that which His creatures affirm of Him! And peace be upon His Messengers! And praise be to God, the Lord of all beings!'"

"This Revelation," &Mulla &Husayn has further testified, "so suddenly and impetuously thrust upon me, came as a thunderbolt which, for a time, seemed to have benumbed my faculties. I was blinded by its dazzling splendor and overwhelmed by its crushing force. Excitement, joy, awe, and wonder stirred the depths of my soul. Predominant among these emotions was a sense of gladness and strength which seemed to have transfigured me. How feeble and impotent, how dejected and timid, I had felt previously! Then I could neither write nor walk, so tremulous were my hands and feet. Now, however, the knowledge of His Revelation had galvanized my being. I felt possessed of such courage and power that were the world, all its peoples and its potentates, to rise against me, I would, alone and undaunted, withstand their onslaught. The universe seemed but a handful of dust in my grasp. I seemed to be the voice of Gabriel personified, calling unto all mankind: `Awake, for, lo! the morning Light has broken. Arise, for His Cause is made manifest. The portal of His grace is open wide; enter therein, O peoples of the world! For He Who is your promised One is come!'"

A more significant light, however, is shed on this episode, marking the Declaration of the Mission of the &Bab, by the perusal of that "first, greatest and mightiest" of all books in the &Babi Dispensation, the celebrated commentary on the &Surih of Joseph, the first chapter of which, we are assured, proceeded, in its entirety, in the course of that night of nights from the pen of its divine Revealer. The description of this episode by &Mulla &Husayn, as well as the opening pages of that Book attest the magnitude and force of that weighty Declaration. A claim to be no less than the mouthpiece of God Himself, promised by the Prophets of bygone ages; the assertion that He was, at the same time, the Herald of One immeasurably greater than Himself; the summons which He trumpeted forth to the kings and princes of the earth; the dire warnings directed to the Chief Magistrate of the realm, &Muhammad &Shah; the counsel imparted to &Haji &Mirza &Aqasi to fear God, and the peremptory command to abdicate his +P7 authority as grand vizir of the &Shah and submit to the One Who is the "Inheritor of the earth and all that is therein"; the challenge issued to the rulers of the world proclaiming the self-sufficiency of His Cause, denouncing the vanity of their ephemeral power, and calling upon them to "lay aside, one and all, their dominion," and deliver His Message to "lands in both the East and the West"--these constitute the dominant features of that initial contact that marked the birth, and fixed the date, of the inception of the most glorious era in the spiritual life of mankind.

With this historic Declaration the dawn of an Age that signalizes the consummation of all ages had broken. The first impulse of a momentous Revelation had been communicated to the one "but for whom," according to the testimony of the &Kitab-i-Iqan, "God would not have been established upon the seat of His mercy, nor ascended the throne of eternal glory." Not until forty days had elapsed, however, did the enrollment of the seventeen remaining Letters of the Living commence. Gradually, spontaneously, some in sleep, others while awake, some through fasting and prayer, others through dreams and visions, they discovered the Object of their quest, and were enlisted under the banner of the new-born Faith. The last, but in rank the first, of these Letters to be inscribed on the Preserved Tablet was the erudite, the twenty-two year old &Quddus, a direct descendant of the &Imam &Hasan and the most esteemed disciple of Siyyid &Kazim. Immediately preceding him, a woman, the only one of her sex, who, unlike her fellow-disciples, never attained the presence of the &Bab, was invested with the rank of apostleship in the new Dispensation. A poetess, less than thirty years of age, of distinguished birth, of bewitching charm, of captivating eloquence, indomitable in spirit, unorthodox in her views, audacious in her acts, immortalized as &Tahirih (the Pure One) by the "Tongue of Glory," and surnamed &Qurratu'l-'Ayn (Solace of the Eyes) by Siyyid &Kazim, her teacher, she had, in consequence of the appearance of the &Bab to her in a dream, received the first intimation of a Cause which was destined to exalt her to the fairest heights of fame, and on which she, through her bold heroism, was to shed such imperishable luster.

These "first Letters generated from the Primal Point," this "company of angels arrayed before God on the Day of His coming," these "Repositories of His Mystery," these "Springs that have welled out from the Source of His Revelation," these first companions who, in the words of the Persian &Bayan, "enjoy nearest access to God," these "Luminaries that have, from everlasting, bowed down, and will everlastingly +P8 continue to bow down, before the Celestial Throne," and lastly these "elders" mentioned in the Book of Revelation as "sitting before God on their seats," "clothed in white raiment" and wearing on their heads "crowns of gold"--these were, ere their dispersal, summoned to the &Bab's presence, Who addressed to them His parting words, entrusted to each a specific task, and assigned to some of them as the proper field of their activities their native provinces. He enjoined them to observe the utmost caution and moderation in their behavior, unveiled the loftiness of their rank, and stressed the magnitude of their responsibilities. He recalled the words addressed by Jesus to His disciples, and emphasized the superlative greatness of the New Day. He warned them lest by turning back they forfeit the Kingdom of God, and assured them that if they did God's bidding, God would make them His heirs and spiritual leaders among men. He hinted at the secret, and announced the approach, of a still mightier Day, and bade them prepare themselves for its advent. He called to remembrance the triumph of Abraham over Nimrod, of Moses over Pharaoh, of Jesus over the Jewish people, and of &Muhammad over the tribes of Arabia, and asserted the inevitability and ultimate ascendancy of His own Revelation. To the care of &Mulla &Husayn He committed a mission, more specific in character and mightier in import. He affirmed that His covenant with him had been established, cautioned him to be forbearing with the divines he would encounter, directed him to proceed to &Tihran, and alluded, in the most glowing terms, to the as yet unrevealed Mystery enshrined in that city--a Mystery that would, He affirmed, transcend the light shed by both &Hijaz and &Shiraz.

Galvanized into action by the mandate conferred upon them, launched on their perilous and revolutionizing mission, these lesser luminaries who, together with the &Bab, constitute the First &Vahid (Unity) of the Dispensation of the &Bayan, scattered far and wide through the provinces of their native land, where, with matchless heroism, they resisted the savage and concerted onslaught of the forces arrayed against them, and immortalized their Faith by their own exploits and those of their co-religionists, raising thereby a tumult that convulsed their country and sent its echoes reverberating as far as the capitals of Western Europe.

It was not until, however, the &Bab had received the eagerly anticipated letter of &Mulla &Husayn, His trusted and beloved lieutenant, communicating the joyful tidings of his interview with &Baha'u'llah, that He decided to undertake His long and arduous pilgrimage to the +P9 Tombs of His ancestors. In the month of &Sha'ban, of the year 1260 A.H. (September, 1844) He Who, both on His father's and mother's side, was of the seed of the illustrious &Fatimih, and Who was a descendant of the &Imam &Husayn, the most eminent among the lawful successors of the Prophet of &Islam, proceeded, in fulfillment of Islamic traditions, to visit the Kaaba. He embarked from &Bushihr on the 19th of &Ramadan (October, 1844) on a sailing vessel, accompanied by &Quddus whom He was assiduously preparing for the assumption of his future office. Landing at Jaddih after a stormy voyage of over a month's duration, He donned the pilgrim's garb, mounted a camel, and set out for Mecca, arriving on the first of &Dhi'l-Hajjih (December 12). &Quddus, holding the bridle in his hands, accompanied his Master on foot to that holy Shrine. On the day of &Arafih, the Prophet-pilgrim of &Shiraz, His chronicler relates, devoted His whole time to prayer. On the day of Nahr He proceeded to &Muna, where He sacrificed according to custom nineteen lambs, nine in His own name, seven in the name of &Quddus, and three in the name of the Ethiopian servant who attended Him. He afterwards, in company with the other pilgrims, encompassed the Kaaba and performed the rites prescribed for the pilgrimage.

His visit to &Hijaz was marked by two episodes of particular importance. The first was the declaration of His mission and His open challenge to the haughty &Mirza &Muhit-i-Kirmani, one of the most outstanding exponents of the &Shaykhi school, who at times went so far as to assert his independence of the leadership of that school assumed after the death of Siyyid &Kazim by &Haji &Muhammad &Karim &Khan, a redoubtable enemy of the &Babi Faith. The second was the invitation, in the form of an Epistle, conveyed by &Quddus, to the Sherif of Mecca, in which the custodian of the House of God was called upon to embrace the truth of the new Revelation. Absorbed in his own pursuits the Sherif however failed to respond. Seven years later, when in the course of a conversation with a certain &Haji &Niyaz-i-Baghdadi, this same Sherif was informed of the circumstances attending the mission and martyrdom of the Prophet of &Shiraz, he listened attentively to the description of those events and expressed his indignation at the tragic fate that had overtaken Him.

The &Bab's visit to Medina marked the conclusion of His pilgrimage. Regaining Jaddih, He returned to &Bushihr, where one of His first acts was to bid His last farewell to His fellow-traveler and disciple, and to assure him that he would meet the Beloved of their hearts. He, moreover, announced to him that he would be crowned with a +P10 martyr's death, and that He Himself would subsequently suffer a similar fate at the hands of their common foe.

The &Bab's return to His native land (&Safar 1261) (February- March, 1845) was the signal for a commotion that rocked the entire country. The fire which the declaration of His mission had lit was being fanned into flame through the dispersal and activities of His appointed disciples. Already within the space of less than two years it had kindled the passions of friend and foe alike. The outbreak of the conflagration did not even await the return to His native city of the One Who had generated it. The implications of a Revelation, thrust so dramatically upon a race so degenerate, so inflammable in temper, could indeed have had no other consequence than to excite within men's bosoms the fiercest passions of fear, of hate, of rage and envy. A Faith Whose Founder did not content Himself with the claim to be the Gate of the Hidden &Imam, Who assumed a rank that excelled even that of the &Sahibu'z-Zaman, Who regarded Himself as the precursor of one incomparably greater than Himself, Who peremptorily commanded not only the subjects of the &Shah, but the monarch himself, and even the kings and princes of the earth, to forsake their all and follow Him, Who claimed to be the inheritor of the earth and all that is therein--a Faith Whose religious doctrines, Whose ethical standards, social principles and religious laws challenged the whole structure of the society in which it was born, soon ranged, with startling unanimity, the mass of the people behind their priests, and behind their chief magistrate, with his ministers and his government, and welded them into an opposition sworn to destroy, root and branch, the movement initiated by One Whom they regarded as an impious and presumptuous pretender.

With the &Bab's return to &Shiraz the initial collision of irreconcilable forces may be said to have commenced. Already the energetic and audacious &Mulla &Aliy-i-Bastami, one of the Letters of the Living, "the first to leave the House of God (&Shiraz) and the first to suffer for His sake," who, in the presence of one of the leading exponents of &Shi'ah &Islam, the far-famed &Shaykh &Muhammad &Hasan, had audaciously asserted that from the pen of his new-found Master within the space of forty-eight hours, verses had streamed that equalled in number those of the &Qur'an, which it took its Author twenty-three years to reveal, had been excommunicated, chained, disgraced, imprisoned, and, in all probability, done to death. &Mulla &Sadiq-i-Khurasani, impelled by the injunction of the &Bab in the &Khasa'il-i-Sab'ih to alter the sacrosanct formula of the &adhan, sounded +P11 it in its amended form before a scandalized congregation in &Shiraz, and was instantly arrested, reviled, stripped of his garments, and scourged with a thousand lashes. The villainous &Husayn &Khan, the &Nizamu'd-Dawlih, the governor of &Fars, who had read the challenge thrown out in the &Qayyumu'l-Asma', having ordered that &Mulla &Sadiq together with &Quddus and another believer be summarily and publicly punished, caused their beards to be burned, their noses pierced, and threaded with halters; then, having been led through the streets in this disgraceful condition, they were expelled from the city.

The people of &Shiraz were by that time wild with excitement. A violent controversy was raging in the masjids, the madrisihs, the bazaars, and other public places. Peace and security were gravely imperiled. Fearful, envious, thoroughly angered, the &mullas were beginning to perceive the seriousness of their position. The governor, greatly alarmed, ordered the &Bab to be arrested. He was brought to &Shiraz under escort, and, in the presence of &Husayn &Khan, was severely rebuked, and so violently struck in the face that His turban fell to the ground. Upon the intervention of the &Imam-Jum'ih He was released on parole, and entrusted to the custody of His maternal uncle &Haji &Mirza Siyyid &Ali. A brief lull ensued, enabling the captive Youth to celebrate the &Naw-Ruz of that and the succeeding year in an atmosphere of relative tranquillity in the company of His mother, His wife, and His uncle. Meanwhile the fever that had seized His followers was communicating itself to the members of the clergy and to the merchant classes, and was invading the higher circles of society. Indeed, a wave of passionate inquiry had swept the whole country, and unnumbered congregations were listening with wonder to the testimonies eloquently and fearlessly related by the &Bab's itinerant messengers.

The commotion had assumed such proportions that the &Shah, unable any longer to ignore the situation, delegated the trusted Siyyid &Yahyay-i-Darabi, surnamed &Vahid, one of the most erudite, eloquent and influential of his subjects--a man who had committed to memory no less than thirty thousand traditions--to investigate and report to him the true situation. Broad-minded, highly imaginative, zealous by nature, intimately associated with the court, he, in the course of three interviews, was completely won over by the arguments and personality of the &Bab. Their first interview centered around the metaphysical teachings of &Islam, the most obscure passages of the &Qur'an, and the traditions and prophecies of the &Imams. In +P12 the course of the second interview &Vahid was astounded to find that the questions which he had intended to submit for elucidation had been effaced from his retentive memory, and yet, to his utter amazement, he discovered that the &Bab was answering the very questions he had forgotten. During the third interview the circumstances attending the revelation of the &Bab's commentary on the &surih of &Kawthar, comprising no less than two thousand verses, so overpowered the delegate of the &Shah that he, contenting himself with a mere written report to the Court Chamberlain, arose forthwith to dedicate his entire life and resources to the service of a Faith that was to requite him with the crown of martyrdom during the &Nayriz upheaval. He who had firmly resolved to confute the arguments of an obscure siyyid of &Shiraz, to induce Him to abandon His ideas, and to conduct Him to &Tihran as an evidence of the ascendancy he had achieved over Him, was made to feel, as he himself later acknowledged, as "lowly as the dust beneath His feet." Even &Husayn &Khan, who had been &Vahid's host during his stay in &Shiraz, was compelled to write to the &Shah and express the conviction that his Majesty's illustrious delegate had become a &Babi.

Another famous advocate of the Cause of the &Bab, even fiercer in zeal than &Vahid, and almost as eminent in rank, was &Mulla &Muhammad-'Aliy-i-Zanjani, surnamed &Hujjat. An &Akhbari, a vehement controversialist, of a bold and independent temper of mind, impatient of restraint, a man who had dared condemn the whole ecclesiastical hierarchy from the &Abvab-i-Arba'ih down to the humblest &mulla, he had more than once, through his superior talents and fervid eloquence, publicly confounded his orthodox &Shi'ah adversaries. Such a person could not remain indifferent to a Cause that was producing so grave a cleavage among his countrymen. The disciple he sent to &Shiraz to investigate the matter fell immediately under the spell of the &Bab. The perusal of but a page of the &Qayyumu'l-Asma', brought by that messenger to &Hujjat, sufficed to effect such a transformation within him that he declared, before the assembled &ulamas of his native city, that should the Author of that work pronounce day to be night and the sun to be a shadow he would unhesitatingly uphold his verdict.

Yet another recruit to the ever-swelling army of the new Faith was the eminent scholar, &Mirza &Ahmad-i-Azghandi, the most learned, the wisest and the most outstanding among the &ulamas of &Khurasan, who, in anticipation of the advent of the promised &Qa'im, had compiled above twelve thousand traditions and prophecies concerning the +P13 time and character of the expected Revelation, had circulated them among His fellow-disciples, and had encouraged them to quote them extensively to all congregations and in all meetings.

While the situation was steadily deteriorating in the provinces, the bitter hostility of the people of &Shiraz was rapidly moving towards a climax. &Husayn &Khan, vindictive, relentless, exasperated by the reports of his sleepless agents that his Captive's power and fame were hourly growing, decided to take immediate action. It is even reported that his accomplice, &Haji &Mirza &Aqasi, had ordered him to kill secretly the would-be disrupter of the state and the wrecker of its established religion. By order of the governor the chief constable, &Abdu'l-Hamid &Khan, scaled, in the dead of night, the wall and entered the house of &Haji &Mirza Siyyid &Ali, where the &Bab was confined, arrested Him, and confiscated all His books and documents. That very night, however, took place an event which, in its dramatic suddenness, was no doubt providentially designed to confound the schemes of the plotters, and enable the Object of their hatred to prolong His ministry and consummate His Revelation. An outbreak of cholera, devastating in its virulence, had, since midnight, already smitten above a hundred people. The dread of the plague had entered every heart, and the inhabitants of the stricken city were, amid shrieks of pain and grief, fleeing in confusion. Three of the governor's domestics had already died. Members of his family were lying dangerously ill. In his despair he, leaving the dead unburied, had fled to a garden in the outskirts of the city. &Abdu'l-Hamid &Khan, confronted by this unexpected development, decided to conduct the &Bab to His own home. He was appalled, upon his arrival, to learn that his son lay in the death-throes of the plague. In his despair he threw himself at the feet of the &Bab, begged to be forgiven, adjured Him not to visit upon the son the sins of the father, and pledged his word to resign his post, and never again to accept such a position. Finding that his prayer had been answered, he addressed a plea to the governor begging him to release his Captive, and thereby deflect the fatal course of this dire visitation. &Husayn &Khan acceded to his request, and released his Prisoner on condition of His quitting the city.

Miraculously preserved by an almighty and watchful Providence, the &Bab proceeded to &Isfahan (September, 1846), accompanied by Siyyid &Kazim-i-Zanjani. Another lull ensued, a brief period of comparative tranquillity during which the Divine processes which had been set in motion gathered further momentum, precipitating a series of events leading to the imprisonment of the &Bab in the +P14 fortresses of &Mah-Ku and &Chihriq, and culminating in His martyrdom in the barrack-square of &Tabriz. Well aware of the impending trials that were to afflict Him, the &Bab had, ere His final separation from His family, bequeathed to His mother and His wife all His possessions, had confided to the latter the secret of what was to befall Him, and revealed for her a special prayer the reading of which, He assured her, would resolve her perplexities and allay her sorrows. The first forty days of His sojourn in &Isfahan were spent as the guest of &Mirza Siyyid &Muhammad, the &Sultanu'l-'Ulama, the &Imam-Jum'ih, one of the principal ecclesiastical dignitaries of the realm, in accordance with the instructions of the governor of the city, &Manuchihr &Khan, the Mu &Tamidu'd-Dawlih, who had received from the &Bab a letter requesting him to appoint the place where He should dwell. He was ceremoniously received, and such was the spell He cast over the people of that city that, on one occasion, after His return from the public bath, an eager multitude clamored for the water that had been used for His ablutions. So magic was His charm that His host, forgetful of the dignity of his high rank, was wont to wait personally upon Him. It was at the request of this same prelate that the &Bab, one night, after supper, revealed His well-known commentary on the &surih of &Va'l-'Asr. Writing with astonishing rapidity, He, in a few hours, had devoted to the exposition of the significance of only the first letter of that &surih--a letter which &Shaykh &Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i had stressed, and which &Baha'u'llah refers to in the &Kitab-i-Aqdas-- verses that equalled in number a third of the &Qur'an, a feat that called forth such an outburst of reverent astonishment from those who witnessed it that they arose and kissed the hem of His robe.

The tumultuous enthusiasm of the people of &Isfahan was meanwhile visibly increasing. Crowds of people, some impelled by curiosity, others eager to discover the truth, still others anxious to be healed of their infirmities, flocked from every quarter of the city to the house of the &Imam-Jum'ih. The wise and judicious &Manuchihr &Khan could not resist the temptation of visiting so strange, so intriguing a Personage. Before a brilliant assemblage of the most accomplished divines he, a Georgian by origin and a Christian by birth, requested the &Bab to expound and demonstrate the truth of &Muhammad's specific mission. To this request, which those present had felt compelled to decline, the &Bab readily responded. In less than two hours, and in the space of fifty pages, He had not only revealed a minute, a vigorous and original dissertation on this noble theme, but had also linked it with both the coming of the &Qa'im and the return +P15 of the &Imam &Husayn--an exposition that prompted &Manuchihr &Khan to declare before that gathering his faith in the Prophet of &Islam, as well as his recognition of the supernatural gifts with which the Author of so convincing a treatise was endowed.

These evidences of the growing ascendancy exercised by an unlearned Youth on the governor and the people of a city rightly regarded as one of the strongholds of &Shi'ah &Islam, alarmed the ecclesiastical authorities. Refraining from any act of open hostility which they knew full well would defeat their purpose, they sought, by encouraging the circulation of the wildest rumors, to induce the Grand Vizir of the &Shah to save a situation that was growing hourly more acute and menacing. The popularity enjoyed by the &Bab, His personal prestige, and the honors accorded Him by His countrymen, had now reached their high watermark. The shadows of an impending doom began to fast gather about Him. A series of tragedies from then on followed in rapid sequence destined to culminate in His own death and the apparent extinction of the influence of His Faith.

The overbearing and crafty &Haji &Mirza &Aqasi, fearful lest the sway of the &Bab encompass his sovereign and thus seal his own doom, was aroused as never before. Prompted by a suspicion that the &Bab possessed the secret sympathies of the &Mu'tamid, and well aware of the confidence reposed in him by the &Shah, he severely upbraided the &Imam-Jum'ih for the neglect of his sacred duty. He, at the same time, lavished, in several letters, his favors upon the &ulamas of &Isfahan, whom he had hitherto ignored. From the pulpits of that city an incited clergy began to hurl vituperation and calumny upon the Author of what was to them a hateful and much to be feared heresy. The &Shah himself was induced to summon the &Bab to his capital. &Manuchihr &Khan, bidden to arrange for His departure, decided to transfer His residence temporarily to his own home. Meanwhile the mujtahids and &ulamas, dismayed at the signs of so pervasive an influence, summoned a gathering which issued an abusive document signed and sealed by the ecclesiastical leaders of the city, denouncing the &Bab as a heretic and condemning Him to death. Even the &Imam-Jum'ih was constrained to add his written testimony that the Accused was devoid of reason and judgment. The &Mu'tamid, in his great embarrassment, and in order to appease the rising tumult, conceived a plan whereby an increasingly restive populace were made to believe that the &Bab had left for &Tihran, while he succeeded in insuring for Him a brief respite of four months in the privacy of the &Imarat-i-Khurshid, the governor's private residence in &Isfahan. It +P16 was in those days that the host expressed the desire to consecrate all his possessions, evaluated by his contemporaries at no less than forty million francs, to the furtherance of the interests of the new Faith, declared his intention of converting &Muhammad &Shah, of inducing him to rid himself of a shameful and profligate minister, and of obtaining his royal assent to the marriage of one of his sisters with the &Bab. The sudden death of the &Mu'tamid, however, foretold by the &Bab Himself, accelerated the course of the approaching crisis. The ruthless and rapacious &Gurgin &Khan, the deputy governor, induced the &Shah to issue a second summons ordering that the captive Youth be sent in disguise to &Tihran, accompanied by a mounted escort. To this written mandate of the sovereign the vile &Gurgin &Khan, who had previously discovered and destroyed the will of his uncle, the &Mu'tamid, and seized his property, unhesitatingly responded. At the distance of less than thirty miles from the capital, however, in the fortress of &Kinar-Gird, a messenger delivered to &Muhammad Big, who headed the escort, a written order from &Haji &Mirza &Aqasi instructing him to proceed to Kulayn, and there await further instructions. This was, shortly after, followed by a letter which the &Shah had himself addressed to the &Bab, dated &Rabi'u'th-thani 1263 (March 19-April 17, 1847), and which, though couched in courteous terms, clearly indicated the extent of the baneful influence exercised by the Grand Vizir on his sovereign. The plans so fondly cherished by &Manuchihr &Khan were now utterly undone. The fortress of &Mah-Ku, not far from the village of that same name, whose inhabitants had long enjoyed the patronage of the Grand Vizir, situated in the remotest northwestern corner of &Adhirbayjan, was the place of incarceration assigned by &Muhammad &Shah, on the advice of his perfidious minister, for the &Bab. No more than one companion and one attendant from among His followers were allowed to keep Him company in those bleak and inhospitable surroundings. All-powerful and crafty, that minister had, on the pretext of the necessity of his master's concentrating his immediate attention on a recent rebellion in &Khurasan and a revolt in &Kirman, succeeded in foiling a plan, which, had it materialized, would have had the most serious repercussions on his own fortunes, as well as on the immediate destinies of his government, its ruler and its people. +P17