Contents, List of Illustrations and Tables, Members, and Staff

CONTENTS

List of Illustrations and Tables ix

Member List xi

Staff List xiii-xiv

Preface xv

1. "WE HAVE SOME PLANES" 1

• 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1
• 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14
• 1.3 National Crisis Management 35

2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47

• 2.1 A Declaration of War 47
• 2.2 Bin Ladin's Appeal in the Islamic World 48
• 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988-1992) 55
• 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992-1996) 59
• 2.5 Al Qaeda's Renewal in Afghanistan (1996-1998) 63

3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71

• 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71
• 3.2 Adaptation-and Nonadaptation-in the Law Enforcement Community 73
• 3.3 . . . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82
• 3.4 . . . and in the Intelligence Community 86
• 3.5 . . . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93
• 3.6 . . . and in the White House 98
• 3.7 . . . and in the Congress 102

4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA'S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108

• 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108
• 4.2 Crisis: August 1998 115
• 4.3 Diplomacy 121
• 4.4 Covert Action 126
• 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134

5. AL QAEDA AIMS AT THE AMERICAN HOMELAND 145

• 5.1 Terrorist Entrepreneurs 145
• 5.2 The "Planes Operation" 153
• 5.3 The Hamburg Contingent 160
• 5.4 A Money Trail? 169

6. FROM THREAT TO THREAT 174

• 6.1 The Millennium Crisis 174
• 6.2 Post-Crisis Reflection: Agenda for 2000 182
  
• 6.3 The Attack on the USS Cole 190
• 6.4 Change and Continuity 198
• 6.5 The New Administration's Approach 203

7. THE ATTACK LOOMS 215

• 7.1 First Arrivals in California 215
• 7.2 The 9/11 Pilots in the United States 223
• 7.3 Assembling the Teams 231
• 7.4 Final Strategies and Tactics 241

8. "THE SYSTEM WAS BLINKING RED" 254

• 8.1 The Summer of Threat 254
• 8.2 Late Leads-Mihdhar, Moussaoui, and KSM 266

9. HEROISM AND HORROR 278

• 9.1 Preparedness as of September 11 278
• 9.2 September 11, 2001 285
• 9.3 Emergency Response at the Pentagon 311
• 9.4 Analysis 315

10. WARTIME 325

• 10.1 Immediate Responses at Home 326
• 10.2 Planning for War 330
• 10.3 "Phase Two" and the Question of Iraq 334

11. FORESIGHT-AND HINDSIGHT 339

• 11.1 Imagination 339
• 11.2 Policy 348
• 11.3 Capabilities 350
• 11.4 Management 353

12. WHAT TO DO? A GLOBAL STRATEGY 361

• 12.1 Reflecting on a Generational Challenge 361
• 12.2 Attack Terrorists and Their Organizations 365
  
• 12.3 Prevent the Continued Growth of Islamist Terrorism 374
• 12.4 Protect against and Prepare for Terrorist Attacks 383

13. HOW TO DO IT? A DIFFERENT WAY OF ORGANIZING THE GOVERNMENT 399

• 13.1 Unity of Effort across the Foreign-Domestic Divide 400
• 13.2 Unity of Effort in the Intelligence Community 407
• 13.3 Unity of Effort in Sharing Information 416
• 13.4 Unity of Effort in the Congress 419
• 13.5 Organizing America's Defenses in the United States 423

Appendix A: Common Abbreviations 429

Appendix B:Table of Names 431

Appendix C: Commission Hearings 439

Notes 449

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

p. 15	FAA Air Traffic Control Centers
p. 15	Reporting structure, Northeast Air Defense Sector
p. 32-33	Flight paths and timelines
p. 49	Usama Bin Ladin
p. 64	Map of Afghanistan
p. 148	Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
p. 238-239	The 9/11 hijackers
p. 279	The World Trade Center Complex as of 9/11
p. 284	The World Trade Center radio repeater system
p. 288	The World Trade Center North Tower stairwell with deviations
p. 312	The Twin Towers following the impact of American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175
p. 313	The Pentagon after being struck by American Airlines Flight 77
p. 313	American Airlines Flight 93 crash site, Shanksville, Pennsylvania
p. 413	Unity of effort in managing intelligence

COMMISSION MEMBERS

Thomas H. Kean, CHAIR

Lee H. Hamilton, VICE CHAIR

Richard Ben-Veniste

Bob Kerrey

Fred F. Fielding

John F. Lehman

Jamie S. Gorelick

Timothy J. Roemer

Slade Gorton

James R. Thompson

COMMISSION STAFF

Philip Zelikow, Executive Director
Christopher A. Kojm, Deputy Executive Director
Daniel Marcus, General Counsel

Joanne M. Accolla Staff Assistant Alexis Albion Professional Staff Member Scott H. Allan, Jr. Counsel John A. Azzarello Counsel Caroline Barnes Professional Staff Member Warren Bass Professional Staff Member Ann M. Bennett Information Control Officer Mark S. Bittinger Professional Staff Member Madeleine Blot Counsel Antwion M. Blount Systems Engineer Sam Brinkley Professional Staff Member Geoffrey Scott Brown Research Assistant Daniel Byman Professional Staff Member Dianna Campagna Manager of Operations Samuel M.W. Caspersen Counsel Melissa A. Coffey Staff Assistant Lance Cole Consultant Marquittia L. Coleman Staff Assistant Marco A. Cordero Professional Staff Member Rajesh De Counsel George W. Delgrosso Investigator Gerald L. Dillingham Professional Staff Member Thomas E. Dowling Professional Staff Member Steven M. Dunne Deputy General Counsel Thomas R. Eldridge Counsel Alice Falk Editor John J. Farmer, Jr. Senior Counsel & Team Leader Alvin S. Felzenberg Deputy for Communications Lorry M. Fenner Professional Staff Member Susan Ginsburg Senior Counsel & Team Leader T. Graham Giusti Security Officer Nicole Marie Grandrimo Professional Staff Member Douglas N. Greenburg Counsel Barbara A. Grewe Senior Counsel, Special Projects Elinore Flynn Hartz Family Liaison Leonard R. Hawley Professional Staff Member L. Christine Healey Senior Counsel & Team Leader Karen Heitkotter Executive Secretary Walter T. Hempel II Professional Staff Member

C. Michael Hurley Senior Counsel & Team Leader Dana J. Hyde Counsel Professional John W. Ivicic Security Officer Michael N. Jacobson Counsel Hunter W. Jamerson Intern Bonnie D. Jenkins Counsel Reginald F. Johnson Staff Assistant R.William Johnstone Professional Staff Member Stephanie L. Kaplan Special Assistant & Managing Editor Miles L. Kara, Sr. Professional Staff Member Janice L. Kephart Counsel Hyon Kim Counsel Katarzyna Kozaczuk Financial Assistant Gordon Nathaniel Lederman Counsel Daniel J. Leopold Staff Assistant Sarah Webb Linden Professional Staff Member Douglas J. MacEachin Professional Staff Member & Team Leader Ernest R. May Senior Adviser Joseph McBride Intern James Miller Professional Staff Member Kelly Moore Professional Staff Member Charles M. Pereira Professional Staff Member John Raidt Professional Staff Member John Roth Senior Counsel & Team Leader Peter Rundlet Counsel Lloyd D. Salvetti Professional Staff Member Kevin J. Scheid Staff Member & Team Leader Kevin Shaeffer Professional Staff Member Tracy J. Shycoff Deputy for Administration & Finance Dietrich L. Snell Senior Counsel & Team Leader Jonathan DeWees Stull Communications Assistant Lisa Marie Sullivan Staff Assistant Quinn John Tamm, Jr. Professional Staff Member Catharine S.Taylor Staff Assistant Yoel Tobin Counsel Emily Landis Walker Professional Staff Member & Family Liaison Garth Wermter Senior IT Consultant Serena B.Wille Counsel Peter Yerkes Public Affairs Assistant